These agreements were always contested and challenged by the upstream riparian states. While Egypt and Sudan insist that their share of water should be respected and honored, the upstream riparian states believe that these agreements are unfair and impede their agriculture and development plans.
They reason that they are not bound by these agreements as they were signed by colonial powers and their governments were not part of such accords. As the populations of the Nile River Basin countries have been growing rapidly during the past decades, their developmental needs have increased, adding tensions and disagreements among them.
Attempts at negotiations for governing and sharing the Nile River water did not stop during the past three decades. It brought together all countries that have access to the Nile River to establish trust among them and make effective and beneficial use of the river for all parties. But it was signed by only six countries Ethiopia, Tanzania, Uganda, Rwanda, Kenya, and Burundi and was vehemently rejected by Egypt and Sudan because, they maintained, it does not respect their historical and acquired rights to the Nile River water.
Since then, the relationship between these parties—particularly Cairo and Addis Ababa—has become strained and tense.
The country suffers from lack of electricity and underdevelopment despite its massive water resources. Ethiopia has an acute shortage of electricity ; in fact, 65 percent of its population is not connected to the grid.
It should provide electricity to millions of homes in Ethiopia as well as offer the chance of selling electricity to neighboring African countries. Egypt has seen a second night of clashes and dozens of arrests in rare demonstrations against President Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. About demonstrators took to the streets in the port city of Suez demanding his resignation. Dozens were reportedly arrested and police responded with tear gas. The protests - which also took place in Tahrir Square in Cairo on Friday - are in response to corruption allegations against President Sisi's government.
Mr Sisi has dismissed the allegations as "lies and slander". Protests have been extremely rare under President Sisi, who took power in after he led the military's overthrow of Egypt's first democratically elected president Mohammed Morsi. But anger has spread since an Egyptian businessman and actor, Mohamed Ali, posted a series of videos online accusing the country's leader of wasting millions on luxury residences and hotels while millions of Egyptians lived in poverty.
Key actors in Egypt include the Egyptian Armed Forces, trade unions, the currently banned Muslim Brotherhood, other Salafist parties, and both Salafist and non-Salafist extremist groups. Conflict in Egypt mainly takes the form of popular unrest and terrorist attacks. Proximate drivers of conflict in Egypt include:. Egypt also faces external pressures. The literature does not identify any significant opportunities for peace or institutional resilience in Egypt.
The government failed to follow through on promises it had made to protect women and religious minorities. A law criminalizing domestic violence did not gain traction in parliament, and Christians still face discrimination and obstacles when it comes to building new churches. The police and National Security Agency routinely carry out systematic enforced disappearances and torture with impunity.
Authorities keep thousands of prisoners in abysmal conditions, where overcrowding and insufficient medical care have been systematic and may have contributed to the deteriorating health and deaths of scores of detainees. Former President Mohamed Morsy, whom the army forcibly removed in , died on June 17 in a Cairo court room following six years of lack of medical care and near-absolute isolation in prison. Egyptian security forces, mainly the army, as well as ISIS-affiliated militants, committed serious and widespread abuses in North Sinai, some of which amount to war crimes, since the conflict escalated in late Human Rights Watch documented several indiscriminate and possibly unlawful air and ground attacks by security forces.
Human Rights Watch also documented 50 cases of arbitrary arrests, of whom 39 were likely forcibly disappeared; at least 14 have been missing for three or four years. Both sides carried out extrajudicial killings. Since , Human Rights Watch has documented 20 extrajudicial killings of residents by government forces. The army has arrested and forcibly disappeared children as young as These are unofficial detention sites lacking judicial oversight. Detainees often face ill-treatment, abuse, and sometimes torture.
Between January and June , 3, alleged militants and 1, military and police members were killed in Sinai hostilities. Egyptian authorities have not released statistics on civilian casualties, and often included civilians in militant death counts, making it difficult to ascertain what proportion of civilians make up these figures. The Washington-based Tahrir Institute for Middle East Policy estimated that authorities arrested at least 12, Sinai residents between July and December , though the government has only acknowledged about 7, in its official statements.
Human Rights Watch documented demolitions of at least 3, homes and commercial buildings by the army between January and May alone. These demolitions are carried out without any judicial oversight or independent recourse mechanism. With a state of emergency and long curfew hours imposed uninterruptedly in Sinai since late , restrictions on movement, also justified under the rhetoric of counterterrorism, led to severe shortages of food and other essential items for months during
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